When the ray is incident at any other angle, the ray changes direction as it refracts. The dotted line is the normal (perpendicular) to the surface. In refraction calculations, angles are always ...

There are different ways to investigate refraction in rectangular blocks. In this required practical activity, it is important to: make, measure and record the angles of incidence accurately using ...

the angles of internal and external conical refraction assume very high values. These angles in naphthalene, for example, are both about 13° 45′, which may be compared with 1° 54′ and 1° 44 ...

Shine the laser at a small angle up, from the bottom layer to the middle layer. The beam should bend back down. The physics is that of an upside-down mirage. In the tank, from top to bottom, the index ...