When a ray of light is incident at normal incidence, (at right angles), to the surface between two optical materials, the ray travels in a straight line. When the ray is incident at any other ...

There are different ways to investigate refraction in rectangular blocks. In this required practical activity, it is important to: make, measure and record the angles of incidence accurately using ...

Light bends when travelling through a concentration gradient of sugar in water. The top layer of liquid is pure water while the bottom layer is concentrated sugar water. In these layers, there is no ...

THE birefringence of many organic crystals of the aromatic class is large, and when the intermediate index differs widely from the upper and lower indexes, the angles of internal and external ...