Where sea otter populations have lingered ... of natural resource management is that forcing functions across trophic levels are considered largely bottom-up in nature (Estes & Peterson 2000).

Zanzibar. The adoption of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) has been proposed as a sustainable solution to improve seaweed farming in Tanzania.This approach integrates seaweed cultivation ...

Sea cucumbers are echinoderms with key ecological roles in marine ecosystems. They are fished worldwide as food and for their ...

Sea levels were higher at the time, and much of the area was covered by a warm, shallow sea. That sea apparently bustled with life at all trophic levels, the study's authors note, part of a ...

Likewise, in Alaska, sea otter decline has led to an increase ... occurs when predators consume lower trophic levels. Non-lethal effect (also referred to as a non-consumptive effect) occurs ...

Otodus megalodon has been revealed by new research to have occupied a higher position on the food chain—known as its trophic level—than any other ocean predator, living or extinct. That puts Megatooth ...